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| #include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using LL = long long;
#define FOR(i, x, y) for (decay<decltype(y)>::type i = (x), _##i = (y); i < _##i; ++i)
#define FORD(i, x, y) for (decay<decltype(x)>::type i = (x), _##i = (y); i > _##i; --i)
#ifdef zerol
#define dbg(args...) do { cout << "\033[32;1m" << #args << " -> "; err(args); } while (0)
#else
#define dbg(...)
#endif
void err() { cout << "\033[39;0m" << endl; }
template<template<typename...> class T, typename t, typename... Args>
void err(T<t> a, Args... args) { for (auto x: a) cout << x << ' '; err(args...); }
template<typename T, typename... Args>
void err(T a, Args... args) { cout << a << ' '; err(args...); }
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
const int M = 31;
LL go(LL x, bool neg = false) {
LL s = neg ? x : 0;
FOR (i, 0, M + 5) {
LL xx = x >> (i + 1);
s += xx * (1LL << i);
s += max(0LL, x - (xx << (i + 1)) - (1LL << i));
}
return s;
}
LL solve(LL x) {
if (x < 0) return go(1 + x + (1LL << M), 1);
else return go((1LL << M), 1) + go(x + 1);
}
int main() {
int T; cin >> T;
while (T--) {
LL l, r; cin >> l >> r;
cout << solve(r) - solve(l - 1) << endl;
}
}
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